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Key factsIn 2022, 1 in 8 people in the world were living with obesity. Worldwide adult obesity has more than doubled since 1990, and adolescent obesity has quadrupled.In 2022, 2.5 billion adults (18 years and older) were overweight. Of these, 890 million were living with obesity.In 2022, 43% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight and 16% were living with obesity.In 2024, 35 million children under the age of 5 were overweight.Over 390 million children and adolescents aged 5–19 years were overweight in 2022, including 160 million who were living with obesity.OVERVIEW:Overweight is a condition of excessive fat deposits.Obesity is a chronic complex disease defined by excessive fat deposits that can impair health. Obesity can lead to increased risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease, it can affect bone health and reproduction, it increases the risk of certain cancers. Obesity influences the quality of living, such as sleeping or moving.The diagnosis of overweight and obesity is made by measuring people’s weight and height and by calculating the body mass index (BMI): weight (kg)/height² (m²). The body mass index is a surrogate marker of fatness and additional measurements, such as the waist circumference, can help the diagnosis of obesity.The BMI categories for defining obesity vary by age and gender in infants, children and adolescents.Causes of Overweight & Obesity:Overweight and obesity result from an imbalance of energy intake (diet) and energy expenditure (physical activity).In most cases obesity is a multifactorial disease due to obesogenic environments, psycho-social factors and genetic variants. In a subgroup of patients, single major etiological factors can be identified (medications, diseases, immobilization, iatrogenic procedures, monogenic disease/genetic syndrome).The obesogenic environment exacerbating the likelihood of obesity in individuals, populations and in different settings is related to structural factors limiting the availability of healthy sustainable food at locally affordable prices, lack of safe and easy physical mobility into the daily life of all people, and absence of adequate legal and regulatory environment.At the same time, the lack of an effective health system response to identify excess weight gain and fat deposition in their early stages is aggravating the progression to obesity.

Tue, 13 May 2025
Obesity & Genetics
Obesity & Genetics
Obesity and Genetics: What is the Connection?Identifying the underlying causes of obesity can help equip us to more effectively treat this complex disease. Such insights may also benefit people living with obesity, since understanding the causes can ease some of the stigma and self-blame that sometimes accompany it. “It’s all in your genes” could provide a tidy explanation. It may also open opportunities for personalized medicine. However, genetics is only the start.A growing body of evidence suggests that obesity is, in fact, genetic. Somewhere between 200 and 500 specific genes have been linked to the disease. Genes can influence things like how a person’s body stores fat, metabolizes nutrients, and signals feelings of fullness. Twin studies have supported the hypothesis that obesity is genetic. Several measures of obesity show a high rate of heritability, including BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and skinfold thickness.Whatever the role of genetics, there are typically additional factors at work. A combination of genetic and environmental factors influences body weight.The Role of FTO in ObesityOne such gene is the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), which is found in up to 43% of the population. In the presence of readily accessible food, those with the fat mass and obesity-associated gene may have challenges limiting their caloric intake. The presence of this gene and other genes can cause:Increased hunger levelsIncreased caloric intakeReduced satietyReduced control over eatingIncreased tendency to be sedentaryIncreased tendency to store body fatThe FTO allele allele associated with obesity is common in people with European ancestry, according to multiple studies and has been identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). It acts on a variety of biological and metabolic processes.Researchers have taken a keen interest in FTO as a potential drug target for treating obesity. Several small molecule drugs and micronutrients have been found to control the expression or activity of FTO, thereby playing a role in regulating metabolism.

Mon, 05 May 2025
Chemotherappy and its Side Effects
Chemotherappy and its Side Effects
Chemotherapy can cause unpleasant side effects, although many can be treated or prevented, and most will pass once your treatment stops.It's difficult to predict what side effects you'll get. Here's a list of many of the common side effects, but it's unlikely you'll have all of these.TirednessTiredness (fatigue) is one of the most common side effects of chemotherapy.Many people having treatment feel tired a lot of the time or get tired very easily doing everyday tasks.It can help to:get plenty of restavoid doing tasks or activities that you do not feel up todo light exercise, such as walking or yoga, if you're able to – this can boost your energy level, but be careful not to push yourself too hardask your friends and family for help with everyday tasksIf you're working, you may want to ask your employer for time off or arrange to work part-time until your treatment has finished.Contact your care team if you suddenly feel very tired and out of breath. This can be a sign of anaemia.Feeling and being sickMany people having chemotherapy will have periods where they feel sick (nausea) or are sick (vomit).Your care team can give you anti-sickness (antiemetic) medicine to reduce or prevent this.This is available as:tablets or capsules that you swallowtablets that dissolve in your mouthinjections or a drip into a veinsuppositories – capsules you put into your bottoma skin patchSide effects of anti-sickness medicines include constipation, indigestion, problems sleeping (insomnia) and headaches.Tell your care team if your medicine does not help, or it causes too many side effects. There may be a different one that works better for you.Hair lossHair loss is a common side effect of chemotherapy, although it does not happen to everyone. Ask your care team if it's likely to be a side effect of the medicines you're taking.If you do lose hair, it usually starts within a few weeks of your first treatment session. If you lose lots of hair, this typically happens within 1 to 2 months.It's most common to lose hair from your head, but you can also lose it from other parts of your body, including your arms, legs and face.The hair loss is almost always temporary. Your hair should start to grow back soon after your treatment has finished.But sometimes the hair that grows back is a slightly different colour or it may be curlier or straighter than it used to be.Coping with hair lossHair loss can be upsetting. Talk to your care team if you're finding it difficult to cope with losing your hair.They understand how distressing it can be and can support you and discuss your options with you.For example, you may decide you want to wear a wig. Synthetic wigs are available free of charge on the NHS for some people, but you'll usually have to pay for a wig made from real hair.Other options include headwear, such as a headscarf.Read more about advice about cancer and hair loss.Preventing hair lossIt may be possible to reduce the chances of hair loss by wearing a cold cap while you're having chemotherapy.A cold cap looks like a bicycle helmet and is designed to cool your scalp during a treatment session. This reduces blood flow to your scalp, reducing the amount of medicine that reaches it.Whether you can use a cold cap depends on the type of cancer you have. Cold caps also work better with certain types of chemotherapy medicine, and they do not always work.Ask your care team whether a cold cap might help you.InfectionsChemotherapy can reduce your body's ability to fight infection. This makes you more likely to get infections that could make you seriously ill.It's a good idea to take precautions to protect yourself against infection by:washing your hands regularly with soap and water – particularly after going to the toilet, before preparing food and eating, and after touching pets or other animals (as they can have infections that can be dangerous)trying to avoid close contact with people who have an infection – such as chickenpox or fluhaving the annual flu jabgetting vaccinated against COVID-19 – your specialist can give more adviceA course of antibiotics may sometimes be prescribed to reduce your risk of getting an infection.AnaemiaChemotherapy lowers your amount of red blood cells, which carry oxygen around the body.If your red blood cell count drops too low, you'll develop anaemia.Symptoms of anaemia include:tiredness and lack of energy – this tends to be more severe than the general fatigue associated with chemotherapyshortness of breathnoticeable heartbeats (heart palpitations)a pale complexionContact your care team as soon as possible if you have any of these symptoms. You may need treatment to increase your number of red blood cells.Preventing anaemiaIncluding a high amount of iron in your diet can help reduce your risk of anaemia, as iron helps the body make red blood cells.Foods high in iron include:meat, such as beef, pork and lambbeans and nutsdried fruit, such as dried apricotswholegrains, such as brown ricefortified breakfast cerealsdark-green leafy vegetables, such as watercress and curly kaleRead more about iron deficiency anaemia.Bruising and bleedingChemotherapy can reduce the number of cells called platelets in your blood. These help stop severe bleeding when you cut or injure yourself.If you have a low number of platelets, you may have:skin that bruises easilysevere nosebleedsbleeding gumsTell your care team if you experience these problems. You may need treatment to increase the number of platelets in your blood.Sore mouthSometimes chemotherapy can make the lining of the mouth sore and irritated. This is known as mucositis.Symptoms tend to develop a few days after treatment starts and include:the inside of your mouth feeling sore, as if you've burned it by eating very hot foodmouth ulcers, which can become infecteddiscomfort when eating, drinking and/or talkinga dry mouthreduced sense of tastebad breathTell your care team if you have any of these problems. They may recommend painkillers or a special mouthwash that can help.Avoiding spicy, salty or sharp foods can also help.Laser therapy, where low-levels lasers are used to stimulate healing, have proved effective in treating or preventing mucositis. But as this is a new type of treatment, access to it may be limited.Mucositis usually gets better a few weeks after chemotherapy finishes.Loss of appetiteYou may lose your appetite while you're having chemotherapy, but you should try to drink plenty of fluids and eat what you can.It may help to:eat smaller meals more often instead of 3 larger meals each dayeat healthy snacks regularlyeat light meals on the day of your treatmentsip drinks slowly through a straw, rather than drinking them straight from a glassTell your care team if you're worried about your diet or lack of appetite.Skin and nail changesSome chemotherapy medicines can cause temporary changes to your skin.For example, it may become:dryslightly discoloured (this may be patchy)more sensitive to sunlightred and soreitchyTalk to your care team if you have any problems with your skin. They can advise you about creams that can help and how to protect your skin from the sun.Chemotherapy can also make your nails become brittle or flaky, and white lines may develop across them. This should go back to normal after your treatment has finished.Using moisturiser on your nails may help and nail varnish can be used to cover your nails during treatment if you like. Avoid using quick drying varnish or false nails as these have an increased risk of infection.Memory and concentration problemsSome people have problems with their short-term memory, concentration and attention span during chemotherapy. You may find that routine tasks take much longer than usual.It's unclear why this happens, but the symptoms usually improve once treatment is finished.Things such as using lists, post-it notes, calendars and your mobile phone for reminders can help. Doing some mental exercises, eating well, and getting enough rest may also be useful.Sleep problemsSome people having chemotherapy have difficulty falling asleep, or wake up in the middle of the night and cannot get back to sleep. This is known as insomnia.The following may help to improve your sleep:set regular times for going to bed and waking uprelax before bedtime – try taking a warm bath or listening to calming musicuse thick curtains or blinds, an eye mask and earplugs to stop you being woken up by light and noiseavoid caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, heavy meals and exercise for a few hours before going to bedavoid watching TV or using a phone, tablet or computer shortly before going to bedwrite a list of your worries, and any ideas about how to solve them, before going to bed, to help you forget about them until the morningContact your care team if this advice does not work, as you may need additional treatment.Diarrhoea and constipationYou may have diarrhoea or constipation a few days after you begin chemotherapy.Your care team can recommend suitable medicines and diet changes that can help.Emotional issuesHaving chemotherapy can be a frustrating, stressful and traumatic experience. It's natural to feel anxious and to wonder if your treatment will be successful.Stress and anxiety can also increase your risk of getting depression.Speak to your care team if you're struggling to cope emotionally. They can offer support and discuss possible treatment strategies.Joining a cancer support group may also help. Talking to other people in a similar situation can often reduce feelings of isolation and stress.The charity Macmillan Cancer Support has a directory of local support groups. You can also call the Macmillan Support Line free on 0808 808 00 00 (every day, 8am-8pm).

Tue, 03 Dec 2024

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